Top 37 Software Developer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
- What is a framework ?
A framework is a set of guidelines, tools, and best practices for organizing and structuring software development projects. It provides a structure for the development process and helps to ensure that the final product is of high quality and meets the needs of the users.
2. Name the stages of the software development lifecycle (SDLC) ?
The stages of the software development lifecycle (SDLC) are typically: requirements gathering, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
3. What is the software development life cycle (SDLC) ?
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is the process used to develop software, from the initial planning stages to the final deployment and maintenance of the finished product. It is a systematic approach to software development that helps to ensure that the final product is of high quality and meets the needs of the users.
4. What are the different SDLC models ?
Some common SDLC models include the Waterfall model, the Agile model, the Spiral model, the V-Model, and the Iterative model.
5. Compare waterfall and agile models and provide examples of their use cases ?
The Waterfall model is a linear, sequential approach to software development that emphasizes detailed planning and strict adherence to a set of predefined requirements. This model is often used in projects where the requirements are well understood and unlikely to change. An example of a use case for the Waterfall model would be a project to develop a new software system for a bank to manage customer accounts.
The Agile model is an iterative, adaptive approach to software development that emphasizes flexibility and the ability to respond to changes in requirements. This model is often used in projects where the requirements are not well understood or are likely to change. An example of a use case for the Agile model would be a project to develop a new social media platform.
6. What is refactoring ?
Refactoring is the process of changing the structure of existing code in order to improve its quality and maintainability, without changing its functionality. This can include things like reorganizing code, removing duplicated code, and simplifying complex code. Refactoring is an important part of software development, as it helps to ensure that the code remains maintainable and easy to understand as the project evolves over time.
7. How do functional requirements differ from non-functional ones ?
Functional requirements are specific tasks or actions that a system or application must be able to perform, while non-functional requirements are more general characteristics that the system or application must possess, such as performance, security, and usability.
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8. Explain the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) ?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of objects, which are instances of a class that encapsulate data and behavior. OOP is characterized by the use of classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism, which allow developers to model real-world concepts and relationships in their code.
9. What debugging tools do you use ?
Some common debugging tools include debuggers, code profilers, and logging tools.
10. What are the OSI model layers ?
The OSI model layers are the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and communicates with the layers above and below it.
11. Name API architectural approaches ?
Some common API architectural approaches include REST (Representational State Transfer), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), and GraphQL.
12. What is CORS ?
CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature that allows a web page from one domain to access resources from another domain, with the permission of the user.
13. What software security protection methods do you know ?
Some common software security protection methods include encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and antivirus software.
14. What is virtual DOM ?
The virtual DOM is a representation of the actual DOM (Document Object Model) used by a web application. It allows for efficient updates to the real DOM by only updating the parts that have changed, rather than re-rendering the entire DOM.
15. Explain Big-O notation and its utility ?
Big-O notation is a way of describing the performance of an algorithm by measuring how the time or space required to run the algorithm grows as the input size increases. It is used to evaluate the efficiency of different algorithms and to compare their performance.
16. What’s your biggest professional success so far ?
My biggest professional success so far has been leading a team to develop a successful mobile app that was downloaded over 1 million times in its first year and received positive reviews from users and industry experts.
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17. Explain you can remove duplicates from array without using a library ?
One way to remove duplicates from an array without using a library is to iterate through the array and check each element against a temporary array. If the element is not already in the temporary array, it is added to it. At the end of the iteration, the temporary array will contain only unique elements from the original array.
18. What is the process of verification and validation ?
Verification and validation is the process of ensuring that a product, service, or system meets the requirements and specifications set forth by the client or customer. Verification typically involves checking that the product, service, or system has been built according to the specifications, while validation ensures that the product, service, or system meets the needs of the end user.
19. What is a stack, and what are its basic operations ?
A stack is a data structure that follows the Last In First Out (LIFO) principle. Basic operations include pushing an element onto the stack, popping an element off the stack, and checking the top element of the stack.
20. How is stack different from queue ?
A queue is a data structure that follows the First In First Out (FIFO) principle. Elements are added to the back of the queue and removed from the front of the queue. In contrast, elements are added to the top of the stack and removed from the top of the stack.
21. What is software configuration management ?
Software Configuration Management (SCM) is the process of managing the changes made to the software over time. It involves keeping track of the different versions of the software, controlling access to the software, and ensuring that the software is always in a stable state.
22. How do you test and find bugs in an application ?
To test and find bugs in an application, developers can use a variety of techniques such as unit testing, functional testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing. Additionally, developers can use debugging tools and code analysis tools to identify and fix bugs in the application.
23. What are the differences between functional and object-oriented programming ?
Functional programming focuses on the use of functions to solve problems, while object-oriented programming focuses on the use of objects and their interactions. Functional programming is typically used for mathematical and logical computations, while object-oriented programming is used for building complex systems.
24. Explain black box testing and white box testing ?
Black box testing is a type of testing where the tester is only aware of the inputs and outputs of the system, and not the internal workings. White box testing, on the other hand, is a type of testing where the tester has access to the internal workings of the system and can test the individual components.
25. What is responsive design ?
Responsive design is a design approach that allows a website to adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions. This ensures that the website is readable and usable on all devices, including smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers.
26. Differentiate between fixed and fluid layouts ?
Fixed layouts have a fixed width and height, and do not change regardless of the screen size or resolution. Fluid layouts, on the other hand, adjust to the screen size and resolution, and can change depending on the device being used to view the website.
27. Explain object-oriented programming and object-relational mapping ?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on the use of objects and their interactions to design and implement software. Object-relational mapping (ORM) is a technique used to map the objects in a program to the relational database tables, allowing for easy communication and manipulation of data.
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28. What are function points ?
Function points are a method for measuring the size and complexity of a software system, based on the number and type of functional requirements it fulfills.
29. Define inheritance ?
Inheritance is a feature of OOP that allows a class to inherit properties and methods from a parent class, allowing for code reuse and more efficient development.
30. What is the purpose of a feasibility study ?
A feasibility study is a preliminary investigation into the potential of a project, assessing the technical, economic, and organizational feasibility of the proposed solution.
31. What is the difference between functional requirements and non-functional requirements ?
Functional requirements are the specific features and functionality a software system must have to meet the needs of the user or customer. Non-functional requirements are the quality attributes of the software, such as performance, security, and usability.
32. Differentiate between method overriding and overloading ?
Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in the parent class. Method overloading occurs when a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
33. How are CSS files organised ?
CSS files are typically organized into a hierarchy, with the most general styles at the top and more specific styles at the bottom. This allows for easy modification and maintenance of the styling of a website.
34. Differentiate between tags and branches ?
Tags in a version control system refer to specific versions or commits of the code, while branches are separate lines of development that can be worked on simultaneously and later merged back into the main codebase.
35. Recommend some techniques to make websites run faster ?
Techniques to make websites run faster include using a Content Delivery Network (CDN), optimizing images and other media, minifying and compressing code, and using caching techniques.
36. Why is a microservice approach often selected over a monolithic app ?
A microservice approach is often selected over a monolithic app because it allows for more flexibility and scalability in the development process, as well as easier maintenance and deployment.
37. What is the main difference between a stub and a mock ?
A stub is a simplified implementation of a piece of code that is used to simulate the behavior of the real code in testing. A mock is a more complex implementation of a piece of code that can also test interactions and dependencies between different parts of the code.
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